DEFINIÇÃO DE BIOENGENHARIA DE SOLOS E SUA APLICAÇÃO

domingo, 10 de julho de 2011

DEFINIÇÃO DE BIOENGENHARIA DE SOLOS E SUA APLICAÇÃO

Definition of Bioengineering

Fonte:
http://bioengenhariadesolos.blogspot.com/2010/06/definicao-de-en-dada-por-hugo-schiechtl.html

http://www.apena.pt/f/downloads/Publicos/definition_of_bioengineering.pdf

Autor: Hugo Meinhard Schiechtl*

Bioengineering is a part discipline of civil engineering. It pursues technological, ecological economic as well as design goals and seeks to achieve these primarily by making use of living materials, i.e. seeds, plants, part of plants and plant communities, and employing them in near–natural constructions while exploiting the manifold abilities inherent in plants.
Bioengineering may sometimes be a substitute for classical engineering works However, in most cases it is a meaningful and necessary method of complementing the latter.
Its application suggests itself in all fields of soil and hydraulic engineering, especially for slope and embankment stabilization and erosion control.
Fields of Application and Plants for Bioengineering Control Works
Bioengineering methods can be applied wherever the plants which are used as living building materials are able to grow well and develop.
This is the case in tropical, subtropical and temperate zones whereas there are obvious limits in dry and cold regions, i.e. where arid, semi–arid and frost zones prevail. In exceptional cases, lack of water may be compensated for by watering or irrigation.
In Europe, dry conditions limiting application exist in the Mediterranean as well as in some inner alpine and eastern European snowy regions. However, limits are most frequently imposed in alpine and arctic regions. These can usually be clearly noticed by the limited growth of woody plants (forest, tree and shrub lines) and the upper limits of closed turf cover The more impoverished a region is in species, the less suited it is for the application of bioengineering methods.
Functions and Effects of Bioengineering Structures
The objective of bioengineering construction work is that it fulfil important functions Among these, priority has always been given to:
Technical functions:
�� protection of soil surface from erosion by wind, precipitation, frost and flowing water
�� protection from rock fall
�� elimination or binding of destructive mechanical forces
�� reduction of flow velocity along banks
�� surface and/or deep soil cohesion and stabilization
�� drainage
�� protection from wind
�� aiding the deposition of snow, drift sand and sediments
�� increasing soil roughness and thus preventing avalanche release
Apart from these, ecological functions are gaining more and more in importance, particularly as these can be fulfilled to a very limited extent only by classical engineering constructions.
Ecological functions:
�� improvement of water regime by improved soil interception and storage capability as well as water
�� consumption by plants
�� soil drainage
�� protection from wind
�� protection from ambient air pollution
�� mechanical soil amelioration by the roots of plants
�� balancing of temperature conditions in near–ground layers of air and in the soil
�� shading
�� improvement of nutrient content in the soil and thus of soil fertility on previously raw soils
�� balancing of snow deposits
�� noise protection
�� yield increase on neighbouring cropland
Landscaping functions:
�� healing of wounds inflicted on the landscape by disasters and humans (exploitation of mineral resources, construction work, deposition of overburden, tunnel excavation material, industrial and domestic waste)
�� integration of structures into the landscape
�� concealment of offending structures
�� enrichment of the landscape by creating new features and structures, shapes and colours of vegetation
Economic effects:
Bioengineering control works are not always necessarily cheaper in construction when compared to classical engineering structures. However, when taking into account their lifetime including their service and maintenance, they will normally turn out to be more economical. Their special advantages are:
�� lower construction costs compared to “hard” constructions
�� lower maintenance and rehabilitation costs
�� creation of useful green areas and woody plant populations on previously derelict land
The result of bioengineering protection works are living systems which develop further and maintain their balance by natural succession, i.e. by dynamic self–control, without artificial input of energy. If the right living but also non–living building materials and the appropriate types of construction are chosen, exceptionally high sustainability requiring little maintenance effort can be achieved.
Planning of Bioengineering Construction Works
The early involvement of a bioengineer in the overall project is crucial for its success, at least in the case of large projects. This will not only result in considerably lower total costs but also in a better integration of the technical construction into the landscape.
In the past, bioengineering solutions were, unfortunately, sought only after classical engineering methods had failed.
The project should be planned in harmony with and close to nature, i e adjusted to the landscape and satisfying ecological needs.
First of all, this requires first stocktaking of the existing natural resources, assessment of the ecological conditions (site conditions) as well as identifying the causes for the absence of vegetation and for erosion.
Living building materials
Another equally important issue is the choice of the living materials to be used.
Autochthonous living materials, i.e. plants, seeds, parts of plants and plant communities from the construction site itself and from close around, are always suited best because they have already adapted to the site. This is why a first survey of the future constructions site must always include an inventory of the living building materials available on site. One needs to examine whether parts of the natural vegetation have to be removed in the course of construction and whether these can be reused later on.
Preferred candidates are pieces of closed vegetation, which are lifted off as transplants together with topsoil and roots, stored temporarily, if necessary, and then replaced.
Further material that suggests itself are shoot–forming parts of woody plants, which can be reused as cuttings, branches or twigs, as well as vegetatively propagating herbs and grass species as rhizome cuttings or divided stolons.
One crucial question is always where the living, shoot–forming material to be used for stable constructions comes from.
Normally, it is required in larger quantities. Natural poplar and willow stands are best suited because they not only provide all eligible species but also all age stages and branch diameters as well as the entire genetic potential.
Plants which are valuable, rare or worth protecting and preserving for other reasons can be dug out as individual plants together with their root balls and reset like transplants.
Purchased living building materials will have to be resorted to where they cannot be obtained from natural vegetation at the construction site. In large areas of south and central Europe, for example, natural willow and poplar populations no longer exist. It is therefore necessary to use older bioengineering works as secondary stock or to purchase the material from nurseries (willow plantations).
When purchasing living building material, every attempt should be made to make sure that it originates from areas that are largely identical to the site of application Moreover,
compliance with national laws and regulations regarding quality and health has to be ensured.
To warrant sustainability of the living structure to be built, as many different “anabolic” species as possible should be chosen. The ecologically most efficient anabolic plants are those living in symbiosis with bacteria and fungi Mycorrhizae or nodule–forming bacteria live on the roots of plants and produce nitrogen, thus creating the effect of automatic permanent fertilization, which quickly leads to an improvement of soil.
For our purpose, alder and legumes are the most important species in Europe possessing these qualities. It should therefore always be considered, when making the choice, whether one of the three indigenous older species is eligible and which of the commercially available legumes are suitable for the composition of the seed mixture.
Regarding the choice of species to be used, there is ample literature which may be consulted.
Choice of the best-suited bioengineering construction method
The intended goal can usually be achieved by a variety of different construction methods. Therefore the choice should be made in favour of those that promise to be most efficient under the given conditions of the site employing those materials that can be obtained at the lowest possible costs. They are, at the same time, the most sustainable ones, require the least maintenance efforts and are therefore, last but not least, the most economical ones.
Timetable
A timetable for the procurement of the plant material as well as for the execution of the individual working steps is of utmost importance because neither of these activities can be carried out with sufficient success in every season. Furthermore, all operations have to be coordinated in time with groundwork and classical engineering work
General and detailed planning
It has turned out not to be practical in bioengineering construction works to plan everything in detail in advance as frequently unexpected changes occur during groundwork It is therefore advisable to start out with a general plan and to plan smaller details as the work progresses if the general plan is not sufficiently detailed.
Tending and Maintenance of Bioengineering Structures
It is a specific feature of bioengineering structures that their protective potential is initially low and that they develop their full effect as the plants develop To encourage this development and to shorten the period until full effectiveness is achieved, tending and maintenance operations are usually required The more extreme the conditions are for the survival of the pants the more intensive these will have to be.
In-process tending
This includes all measures which are required for a structure to reach a state at which it is ready for acceptance.
Works which have been assigned to special subcontractors for execution should be included as well. This not only clearly settles the matter of responsibility for remedial measures in case of poor workmanship but also for any necessary improvements until acceptance, such as reseeding, replanting, fertilization and pruning as well as mowing, mulching and watering, if necessary.
Sustained tending
This term includes all measures which have to be taken to preserve the vegetation that has developed and to maintain its technical and ecological functions Sustained tending is the responsibility of the client or it is put up for a separate tender.
Provided the right bioengineering methods as well as the right species of plants have been chosen, in most cases no further tending is required any more after two years. However, on extreme sites, such as very narrow brooks or locations that are exposed to permanent high stress, (e g ski slopes), annual tending measure may be needed.
Under normal circumstances, tending measures to preserve bioengineering works and their functions are required at mid–term or long–term intervals or after extraordinary events, such as natural disasters, fire or damage by third parties. Such tending and maintenance measures may include:
prevention of game damage

mowing including the removal of the mowed matter

pastoral use, usually for a short time, by certain animal species, e g sheep

mulching of woody plants, especially in dry zones

watering or irrigation

dewatering or drainage

soil amelioration by fertilization, aeration and loosening

wood pruning by removing dead or sick shoots for rejuvenation, thinning and encouragement of preferred woody species

Tending and maintenance schedule
For larger bioengineering structures, a tending and maintenance schedule should always be prepared, specifying mandatory measures for an extended period of time and containing information in which month the respective measures are to be carried out.
Service Life
Modern bioengineering structures are relatively young The oldest ones, which are well documented in publications by SCHIECHTL and which still exist, were designed by HASSENTEUFEL, KRAEBEL and PRUECKNER and date back to the nineteen thirties.
Numerous projects implemented by Schiechtl himself are fifty years old and still fully operative. Although most of them were little cared for and no major maintenance efforts were made due to the lack of money, they still fulfil their function today.
This is clearly the result of a correct assessment of the ecological conditions during planning as well as of the right choice of plants, construction method and workmanship.
Stable permanent states can be safely achieved, as is the case with other plant communities such as forests and grassland. Profound knowledge and consideration of the dynamics of artificial plant communities thus created (i.e. natural succession) will help to avoid unpleasant surprises and reduce maintenance costs.
Normally, pioneer vegetation develops via several phases of maturity up to a so–called state of climax, which is determined by local ecological conditions A climax community is a kind of permanent state, which changes only if conditions on site – especially climate – change.
If an intermediate stage of plant development is required for functional reasons, mid–term and, if necessary, even annual maintenance intervention may be required. The long–tem nature of such developments and the longevity of climax stages justify the assumption that living, bioengineering structures are superior to classical engineering works as regards their service life.
However, every living system depends on its own vitality This is why bioengineering structures will achieve their highest efficiency and longest service life where optimal growth conditions prevail.

*Hugo Meinhard Schiechtl, nasceu em 17 de março do ano de 1922 em Innsbruck, capital do estado do Tirol na Áustria. Faleceu em 15 de junho de 2002. Foi arquiteto, engenheiro, botânico, professor e pintor. Destacou-se por descrever, pintar e inventariar a vegetação alpina e, especialmente, pelos seus trabalhos no controle de processos erosivos e perenização de cursos de água e estabilização de encostas utilizando-se de medidas vegetativas. Neste aspecto foi responsável por criar um novo domínio de investigações e trabalho, a Engenharia Natural (também conhecida por Bioengenharia de Solos. Recebeu o título de doutor honoris causa pela Universität für Bodenkultur.
FONTE: http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Meinhard_Schiechtl

[editar]Publicações
SCHIECHTL, H.M.
(1954): Die Folgen der Entwaldung am Beispiel des Finsingtales in Nordtirol. Centralblatt f. d. ges. Forstwesen H 1/2, Wien.

(1954): Systematik und Technik der Grünverbauung von Blaiken. Vereinszeitschrift d. Dipl.Ing. d. Wildbachverbauung, 5, Wien.

(1955): Bautypen- Benennung und -Systematik bei der Grünverbauung, Allg. Forstzeitung,21/22, Wien.

(1958): Grundlagen der Grünverbauung. Mitt. d. Forstl. Bundesvers. Anstalt, 55, 273 pp.,Österr. Agrarverl. Wien.

REISIGL H., H. PITSCHMANN & H.M. SCHIECHTL
(1958): Bilderflora der Südalpen. 299 pp., G. Fischer,Stuttgart.

SCHIECHTL, H.M.
(1960): Kampf dem Ödland, der heutige Stand der Grünverbauung und die Möglichkeiten ihrer Anwendung. Natur und Land , 3, München.

(1961): Die Vegetationskartierung im Rahmen der Wiederbewaldungsprobleme in der subalpinen Stufe, Vegetationskarte 1:37.500 des Gurglertales (Ötztal). Mitt. d. Forstl. Bundesvers. Anst., 59: 21 - 32, Wien.

(1962): Die Bekämpfung von Rutschungen mit Hilfe der Grünverbauung, Jahrb. des Vereins zum Schutze der Alpenpflanzen und –tiere, 27: 89 – 97, München.

(1962): Zwei neue Methoden der Grünverbauung zur Befestigung der Böschungen beim Bau der Brennerautobahn. Österr. Ingenieurzeitschr., 107, 5: 234 – 241. Wien.

(1962): Einige ausgewählte Ergebnisse aus der Forschungsarbeit für Grünverbauung und über den heutigen Stand ihrer Anwendung in Österreich. Grünverbau im Straßenbau, 51: 46 – 53 , Bad Godesberg.

(1963): Studien über die Entwaldung im Kilikischen Ala Dag (mittlerer Taurus in Kleinasien), Ber. Nat. – Med. Verein Innsbruck, Festschr. Helmut Gams, 53: 173 - 192.

(1964): Die Saat auf Strohdeckschicht, eine Methode zur raschen Befestigung von Böschungen. Allg. Forstzeitung ,75, 5/6: 51 – 54, Wien.

(1964): Die Saat auf Strohdeckschicht, eine neue Methode der Ingenieurbiologie zur raschen Begrünung von Rutschhängen. Acta Botanica Croatica, vol. extraord.: 103 – 110, Zagreb.

(1965): Grundsätzliche Überlegungen zur Hangsicherung durch Grünverbau. Zeitschr. f. Kulturtechn. u. Flurbereinigung, 6, 3: 136- 145, Wien. © Naturwiss.-med. Ver. Innsbruck; download unter www.biologiezentrum.at 318

(1965): Die Vegetationskartierung des Finsingtales (Nortirol) als Grundlage für Abflussuntersuchungen und Hochlagenaufforstung. Mitt. d. Forstl. Bundesvers. Anst., 66: 53 – 89, Wien.

(1965): Der jüngste Stand der Ingenieurbiologie im Forstwesen. Allg. Forstzeitung, 76: 224 – 226, Wien.

REISIGL H., H. PITSCHMANN & H.M. SCHIECHTL
(1965): Bilderflora der Südalpen. 299 pp.,G. Fischer, Stuttgart. 2. Auflage

SCHIECHTL, H.M., R. STERN & E. H. WEISS
(1965): In anatolischen Gebirgen. Botanische, forstliche und geologische Studien im Kilikisischen Ala Dag und Ostpontischen Gebirge in Kleinasien, Geschichtsverein für Kärnten, 187 pp. Klagenfurt.

SCHIECHTL, H.M.
(1966): Möglichkeiten und Probleme der Grünverbauung im Hochgebirge. Mitt. d. Österr. Alpenvereines, 21, 3/4: 39 – 41, 1966, Innsbruck.

(1966): Sicherung von Hängen durch Grünverbauung. Garten und Landschaft, 6, München.

(1966): Ingenieurbiologie im Forstwesen. Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Forstwesen, 3/4: 176 - 185. Zürich.

(1967): Wildgräser und Wildkräutersaat in der Grünverbauung. Garten und Landschaft, 2: 48 - 53. München.

(1967): Der Einsatz der Grünverbauung zur Haldenbegrünung. Garten und Landschaft, 9: 285 - 292, München.

(1967): Die Physiognomie der potentiellen natürlichen Waldgrenze und Folgerungen für die Praxis der Aufforstung in der subalpinen Stufe. Ökologie der alpinen Waldgrenze. Mitt. d. Forstl. Bundesvers. Anst. 75: 5 – 55, Wien.

(1967): Die Wälder der anatolischen Schwarzföhre (Pinus nigra Arn. var. pallasiana Asch. et. Graeb.) in Kleinasien. Mitt. Ostalpin – dinarische pflanzensoz. Arbeitsgemeinschaft 7: 109 - 118, Wien.

(1967): Slope rehabilitation through Bio –Engineering. Man's Effect on Californian watersheds. Institute of Ecology, Univ. of California, 95 – 122, Davis, U.S.

(1969): Materialien und Methoden des Lebendverbaues. Wildbach- und Lawinenverbauung in den Alpen. Handbuch für Landschaftspflege und Naturschutz. BLV, 4: 173 – 185. München.

(1969): Die Bewährung von Heckenbuschlage und Strohdecksaat zur Sicherung von Böschungen im Erdbau. Österr. Ingenieur Zeitschr., 114, 6: 208 – 213. Wien.

(1969): Die Begrünung neugebauter Schiabfahrten. Schul –u. Sportstättenbau, 4: 32 – 34. Wien.

(1969): Die Ermittlung der potentiellen Zirben –Waldfläche im Ötztal. Mitt. Ostalp.–din. Ges. f. Vegetkde, 11: 197 – 204, Innsbruck.

(1970): Zur Frage der Wiederaufforstung von Sonnenhängen in den Hochlagen der Innenalpen. Allg. Forstz., 81, 1:, 312 – 314, Wien.

JAHN, E., H.M. SCHIECHTL & G. SCHIMITSCHEK
(1970): Möglichkeiten der natürlichen und künstlichen Regeneration einer Waldbrandfläche in den Tiroler Kalkalpen. Ber. Nat.- Med.Verein Innsbruck 58: 355 – 388. Innsbruck.

PITSCHMANN, H., H. REISIGL, H.M. SCHIECHTL & R. STERN
(1970): Karte der aktuellen Vegetation von Tirol 1:100.000, Blatt Innsbruck/Stubaier Alpen (6) Doc Carte Vegetation des Alpes, VIII: 7 - 34, Grenoble.

SCHIECHTL, H.M.
(1971): Maßnahmen zur Erhaltung der alpinen Landschaft und zum Erosionsschutz in Österreich. Alpwirtsch. Monatsblätter. 105: 14 – 26. Scheffisburg,

CH. DRAGOGNNA G. & H.M. SCHIECHTL
(1971): Nell'area del porfido quarzifero di Bolzano: il „ neroverde” contro l'erosione delle scarpate. Monti e boschi. XXII, 6, VI / 31 – 36,Bolzano.

PITSCHMANN H., H. REISIGL H., H.M. SCHIECHTL & R. STERN
(1971): Karte der aktuellen Vegetation von Tirol 1:100.000, Blatt Zillertaler und Tuxer Alpen (7) Doc Carte Vegetation des Alpes, IX: 109 - 132, Grenoble. © Naturwiss.-med. Ver. Innsbruck; download unter www.biologiezentrum.at 319

SCHIECHTL, H.M.
(1972): Grundsätzliches zur Wiederbewaldung inneralpiner Sonnenhänge. Mitt. d. Forstl. Bundesvers. Anst., 96: 5 – 22.Wien.

SCHIECHTL, H.M. & E. WATSCHINGER
(1972): Erosionsschutz durch Berasung bei der Wildbachverbauung in Südtirol. Garten und Landschaft, 10: 506 –507.München.

SCHIECHTL, H.M.
(1972): Probleme und Verfahren der Begrünung extremer Standorte im Voralpen und Alpenraum. Rasen – Turf –Gazon, 1: 1 – 6, München.

(1973): Tirols Wälder und Vegetation. Allg. Forstzeitschr., 28, 32: 748 – 750. München.

(1973): Wiederbewaldung von Extremstandorten – Grundlagen und Voraussetzungen in den Hochlagen und auf Rohböden. Allg. Forstzg., 84, 10: 243 – 245. Wien.

(1973): Die Begrünung von Erdhöckern und Leitwerken in der Lawinenverbauung. Garten und Landschaft, 11: 512 – 516. München.

(1973): Sicherungsarbeiten im Landschaftsbau. Grundlagen – lebende Baustoffe – Methoden. 244 pp., Callwey –Verlag. München.

PITSCHMANN, H., H. REISIGL, H.M. SCHIECHTL & R. STERN
(1973): Karte der aktuellen Vegetation von Tirol 1:100.000, Blatt Silvretta und Lechtaler Alpen (5) Doc. Cartographie Ecologique, 11: 33 - 48, Grenoble.

(1974): Karte der aktuellen Vegetation von Tirol 1:100.000, Blatt Hohe Tauern und Pinzgau (8) Doc. Cartographie Ecologique 13: 17 - 32, Grenoble.

SCHIECHTL, H.M.
(1974): Rasen als Baustoff für Sicherungsarbeiten im alpinen Landschaftsbau. Rasen- Turf-Gazon, 2: 39 – 43. München.

SCHIECHTL, H.M. & R. STERN
(1974): Vegetationskartierung – Durchführung und Anwendung in Forschung und Praxis. Sonderband „ 100 Jahre Forstl. Bundesvers. Anst.“ 273 – 308, Wien.

SCHIECHTL, H.M.
(1975): Die Vegetation Tirols. In: Hochwasser – und Lawinenschutz in Tirol. Exkursionsführer der 3. Interpraeventtagung, 64 – 82. Innsbruck.

SCHIECHTL, H.M. & R. STERN
(1975): Karte der aktuellen Vegetation von Tirol 1:100.000, Blatt Osttirol (12) Doc. Cartographie Ecologique, XV: 59 - 72, Grenoble.

(1975): Die Zirbe (Pinus cembra) in den Ostalpen, I. Teil Ötztaler Alpen und westliche Stubaier Alpen. Angew. Pflanzensoziologie, 22, 84 pp., Wien.

(1976): Karte der aktuellen Vegetation von Tirol 1:100.000, Blatt Pustertal, Brixen (11) Doc. Cartographie Ecologique, XVII: 73 - 84, Grenoble.

SCHIECHTL, H.M.
(1976): Zur Begrünbarkeit von künstlich geschaffener Schneisen in Hochlagen. Jahrbuch Verein zum Schutze der Alpenpflanzen und –tiere, 41: 53 – 75. München.

(1977): Ingenieurbiologische Maßnahmen und ihre technische, ökologische, landschaftsarchitektonische und ökonomische Auswirkung im Landschaftsbau. In: Natur und Mensch im Alpenraum. Ludwig Boltzmann- Institut, 127 – 142. Graz.

(1978): Umweltfreundliche Hangsicherung. Geotechnik, 1: 10 – 21, Stuttgart.

(1978): Entwicklung und Lebensdauer Ingenieutbiologischer Verbauungen. Garten und Landschaft, 11: 745 –756, München.

(1978): Ingenieurbiologische Methoden und Anwendungen. Verbauungsmöglichkeiten im Rahmen des Nationalstraßenbaues in der Levantina. Schweizer Bauzeitung 51/52, 96: 988 – 999. Zürich.

(1978): Probleme der ingenieurbiologischen Begrünungsverfahren im Gebirge. Akademie f. Natur- und Landschaftsschutz Tagungsbericht 2/78: 8 – 16, Lauffen (D).

(1978): Vegetationskartierung als Grundlage für Landes- und Regionalplanung, Raumordnung und Flächenwidmungsplanungen. Innsbrucker geographische Studien, 6: 107 – 119, Festschrift Leidlmeier. Innsbruck,

KLÖTZLI, F. & H.M. SCHIECHTL
(1979): Schipisten – tote Schneisen durch die Alpen. Kosmos, 12: © Naturwiss.-med. Ver. Innsbruck; download unter www.biologiezentrum.at 320 954 - 962, Stuttgart.

SCHIECHTL, H.M. & R. STERN
(1979): Die Zirbe (Pinus cembra) in den Ostalpen, II. Teil Silvretta, Samnaun Verwall, Lechtaler und Allgäuer Alpen. Angew. Pflanzen-soziologie, 24: 78 pp., Verbreitungskarten 1: 50.000. Wien.

(1979): Die heutige Vegetation in der Kulturlandschaft der Hohen Tauern. Nationalpark Hohe Tauern, Berichte und Informationen, 5/79: 21 - 29. Nat. Park Komm. Hohe Tauern, Matrei i. O.

HORSTMANN, K. & H.M. SCHIECHTL
(1979): Künstliche Schaffung von Ökozellen. Garten und Landschaft, 33: 175 – 178, München.

SCHIECHTL, H.M.
(1980): Bioengineering for land reclamation and conservation. 404 pp., University of Alberta Press, Canada.

(1980): Erfahrungen mit Schipistenbegrünung im Alpenraum. Vegetationstechnik, 2: 70 – 76, Patzer Verlag Berlin/Hannover.

SCHIECHTL, H.M. & I. NEUWINGER
(1980): Regeneration von Vegetation und Boden nach Einstellung der Beweidung und Bodenstreunutzung in einem zentralalpinen Hochlagen- Aufforstungsgebiet. Mitt. Forstl. Bundesvers. Anst.,129: 63 – 80, Wien.

SCHIECHTL, H.M. & R. STERN
(1980): Ergebnisse aus der Vegetationskartierung, Gemeinde Schnals. Natur und Land, 4, 66, 121 – 128, Wien.

PITSCHMANN, H.,H. REISIGL, H.M. SCHIECHTL & R. STERN
(1980): Karte der aktuellen Vegetation von Tirol 1:100.000, Blatt Ötztaler Alpen (10) Doc. Catographie Ecologique, XXIII: 47 - 68, Grenoble.

SCHIECHTL, H.M.
(1982): Ingenieurbiologische und kombinierte Bauweisen an Fließgewässern. Landschaftswasserbau, 3: 141 – 188, Wien.

(1982): Pflanzenauswahl, Pflanzenbeschaffung, Pflege und Kosten ingenieurbiologischer Arbeiten. Landschaftswasserbau, 3: 189 – 216, Wien.

(1982): Der Bau von Wintersportanlagen. Allg. Forstz., 93, 4: 95 – 96, Wien.

(1982): Stehen Ökologie und Ökonomie im Gegensatz zu einander? Bericht Symposium Lebensraum Alpen, 63 – 71, Innsbruck.

(1982): Die Vegetationskartierung in Tirol. Tiroler Forstdienst., 25, 2, 7, Innsbruck.

SCHIECHTL, H.M., R. STERN & H. ZOLLER
(1982): Karte der aktuellen Vegetation von Tirol 1:100.000, Blatt Silvretta, Engadin – Vintschgau (9) Doc. Cartographie Ecologique, XXV: 67 - 88, Grenoble.

SCHIECHTL, H.M. & R. STERN
(1983): Die aktuelle Vegetation der Hohen Tauern – Erläuterungen zu den Vegetationskarten 1: 25000 Matrei i. O. Nord und Süd (152) und Großglockner Nord und Süd (153). 4 Kartenblätter. Veröff. Österr. MaB-Programm 7: 34 – 60, Univ. Verl. Wagner, Innsbruck.

(1983): Die Zirbe (Pinus cembra) in den Ostalpen, III. Teil, Stubaier Alpen, Wipptal, Zillertaler Alpen. Angew. Pflanzensoziologie, 27, 110 pp. Verbreitungskarten 1: 50.000. Wien.

MEISEL, K., H.M. SCHIECHTL & R. STERN
(1983): Karte der aktuellen Vegetation von Tirol 1:100.000, Blatt Kitzbühler Alpen (4). Doc. Cartographie Ecologique, XXVI: 29 - 48. Grenoble.

SCHIECHTL, H.M.
(1983): Die Pflanze als Mittel zur Bodenstabilisierung. Ber. Int. Symposium Gumpenstein 1982, Wurzelökologie und ihre Nutzanwendung.

(1983): Gehölze an Autobahnen. Welche sind auf Dauer salzresistent? Garten und Landschaft, 11: 876 – 882, München.

(1983): Bestanderhaltendes Bauen im Naturschutzgebiet. Neue Erfahrungen beim Bau der Münchner Fernwasserleitung durch die Pupplinger Au. Garten und Landschaft, 11: 857 – 861, München. © Naturwiss.-med. Ver. Innsbruck; download unter www.biologiezentrum.at 321

(1983): Gedanken über Auwälder. Tiroler Forstdienst, 26, 4,7, Innsbruck.

MEISEL, K., H.M. SCHIECHTL & R. STERN
(1984): Karte der aktuellen Vegetation von Tirol 1:100.000, Blatt Karwendelgebirge/Unterinntal (3) . Doc. Cartographie Ecologique, XXVII: 65 - 84. Grenoble.

SCHIECHTL, H.M., R. STERN & K. ZUKRIGL
(1984): Die Zirbe in den Ostalpen, IV. Teil. Hohe Tauern West. Angewandte Pflanzensoziologie, 28: 1 - 99, Wien.

SCHIECHTL, H.M.
(1985): Pflanzen als Mittel zur Bodenstabilisierung. Jahrb. d. Ges. f. Ing. Biol., 2: 50 – 62, Aachen.

SCHIECHTL, H.M. & R. STERN
(1985): Vegetation.Blätter Matrei i. O. (ÖK 152) und Großglockner(ÖK 153), Erläuterungen zur Karte der aktuellen Vegetation 1:25000. Wiss. Schriften Nationalpark Hohe Tauern 1, 1 – 64, Univ. Verlag Wagner, Innsbruck.

SCHIECHTL, H.M.
(1986): Bioingegneria forestale. Basi - materiali di construzione vivi-metodi. 263pp., Edizione Castaldi, Feltre (It).

(1986) Hubschraubereinsatz für die wissenschaftliche Arbeit der Forstlichen Bundesversuchsanstalt. Tiroler Forstdienst, 29: 1, 6 – 7, Innsbruck.

BEGEMANN W. & H.M. SCHIECHTL
(1986): Ingenieurbiologie, Handbuch zum naturnahen Wasser- und Erdbau, 216 pp., Bauverlag Wiesbaden.

SCHIECHTL, H.M.
(1986): Lärmschutzwände. Garten und Landschaft , 5: 51 – 54, München.

(1986): Sicherung hoher Böschungen durch Anwendung ingenieurbiologischer Bauweisen. 8. Donau- Europäische Konferenz über Bodenmechanik und Grundbau, 177 – 182, Nürnberg.

(1987): Böschungssicherung mit ingenieurbiologischen Bauweisen. Grundbau Taschenbuch Teil 3, 217 – 314, Ernst u. Sohn, Berlin.

(1987): Entscheidungshilfen für die Böschungssicherung im Forstwegebau durch Ansaaten. Österr. Forstzeitung, 6: 14 – 16, Wien.

(1987): Karten der aktuellen Vegetation und der potentiellen natürlichen Vegetation von Tirol 1:300.000. Tirol – Atlas. Univ. Verlag Wagner Innsbruck.

(1987): Die Vegetationskartierung in der Forstlichen Bundesversuchsanstalt. Österr. Forstzeitung, 12: 43 – 46, Wien.

(1987): Böschungssicherung mit ingenieurbiologischen Baumethoden. Rasen – Turf - Gazon, 4: 110 – 112, Bonn.

SCHIECHTL, H.M.,R. STERN & K. MEISEL
(1987): Karte der aktuellen Vegetation von Tirol 1:100.000, Blatt Lechtaler – Wetterstein (2) Doc. Cartographie Ecologique, XXX: 25 - 48, Grenoble.

SCHIECHTL, H.M.
(1988): Böschungssicherung mit ingenieurbiologischen Methoden im Alpenraum. Jahrb. d. Ges. f. Ing. Biologie, 3: 50 – 77, Aachen.

(1988): Geschichte der Vegetationskartierung in Tirol . Begleittext zu den Karten der aktuellen und potentiellen natürlichen Vegetation. 1 : 300.000 Tirol - Atlas, Begleittexte Heft X: 9 – 25, Univ. Verlag Wagner, Innsbruck.

(1988): Ingenieurbiologische Maßnahmen und ihre technischen und ökologischen Auswirkungen im Landschaftsbau. Atti del Simposio della Societa Estalpino- Dinarica di fitosoziologia, 161 – 178, Feltre (It).

(1989): Eine Lanze für die Begleitholzarten. Österr. Forstzeitg. 10: 30 – 36, Wien.

SCHIECHTL, H.M. & G. SAULI
(1989): Nuove techniche di bioingegneria nei ripiestrini di cave e miniere. Suolosottosuolo 3: 1347 – 1356, Torino.

SCHIECHTL, H.M.
(1990): 35 Jahre naturnahes Bauen beim Wasserkraftwerkbau. Österr. Wasserwirtschaft, 42, 11/12, 295 – 301, Wien

(1990): Esempi concreti di consolidamento di scarpate e sponde fluviatili. Acer 6: 13 – 15. Milano.

SCHIECHTL, H.M. & R. STERN
(1992): Handbuch für naturnahen Erdbau. Eine Anleitung für ingenieurbiologische Bauweisen. 153 pp., Österr. Agrarverlag, Wien. © Naturwiss.-med. Ver. Innsbruck; download unter www.biologiezentrum.at 322

SCHIECHTL, H.M. & R. STERN

(1992): Ingegneria naturalistica. Manuale delle opere in terra, 163 pp., Castaldi Verlag, Feltre.

SCHIECHTL, H.M.
(1992): Weiden in der Praxis. Die Weiden Mitteleuropas, ihre Verwendung und Bestimmung. 130 pp. Verlag Patzer Hannover, Berlin.

(1993): Landschaftspflege und Kraftwerksbau – kein Widerspruch. Österr. Forstzeitung, 1, 32 - 34, Wien.

SCHIECHTL, H.M. & R. STERN
(1994): Handbuch für naturnahen Wasserbau. Eine Anleitung für ingenieurbiologische Bauweisen, 204 pp., Österr. Agrarverlag, Wien.

BEGEMANN, W. & H.M. SCHIECHTL
(1994): Ingenieurbiologie. Handbuch zum ökologischen Wasser und Erdbau. 203 pp. Bauverlag Wiesbaden. 2,Aufl.

SCHIECHTL, H.M. & R. STERN
(1996): Ground Bioengeneering Techniques for slope protection and erosion control. 146 pp., Blackwell Science, Oxford.

(1997): Water Bioengeneering Techniques for watercourse Bank and Shorelines Protection. 186 pp., Blackwell Science, Oxford.

SCHIECHTL, H.M.
(1996): Salici nell'uso pratico. 178 pp., Edizioni ARCA, Trento.

(1996): Die Verwendung von Weiden für ingenieurbiologische Sicherungsarbeiten und die Gefahr einer Florenverfälschung. Jb. 6, Ges. f. Ingenieurbiologie, Aachen.

(1996): Die Wurzelsysteme der Pflanzen als Grundlage für ihre Verwendung zu ingenieurbiologischen Hangsicherungen., Stapfia, 50: 295 – 307, Linz.

(1997): Gedanken über die Ingenieurbiologie. Zeitschr. für Ingenieur-biologie 2, 36 – 37, Zürich.

(1997): Ingenieurbiologische Hangsicherungen in Griechenland. Neue Landschaft, 9: 674 - 678, Berlin, Hannover.

(1997): Possibilita per i metodi dell' ingegneria naturalistica nelle zone subalpine ed alpine. Revue Valdotaine d'histoire Naturell, 51: 327 – 333 , Torino.

SCHIECHTL, H.M. & R. STERN
(1997): Ingegneria naturalistica. Manuale delle costruzioni idrauliche. 174 pp., Edizione Arca, Trento.

BEGEMANN, W. & H.M. SCHIECHTL
(1997): Ingenieurbiologie. Handbuch zum ökologischen Wasser und Erdbau. 243 pp., Japanese Language, Orion Literary Agency, Tokyo.

SCHIECHTL, H.M.
(1998): Uferschutz mit ingenieurbiologischen Bauweisen. Neue Landschaft ,11: 826 – 832, Berlin/Hannover.

(1998): Die Bedeutung der Erlen in der alpinen Ingenieurbiologie. Jb. Ges. f. Ingenieurbiologie, 7: 201 – 211, Aachen.

BEGEMANN, W. & H.M. SCHIECHTL
(1999): Inzynieria ekologizna u bucownictwie wodnym i ziemnym. 199 pp., Wydawnictwo Arkady, Warszawa.

SCHIECHTL, H.M.
(2000): Die Entwicklung der Ingenieurbiologie in Österreich. Österr. Ingenieur und Architekten- Zeitschrift, 145, 4: 132 - 138, Wien.

(2001): Böschungssicherung mit ingenieurbiologischen Bauweisen. Grundbau Taschenbuch 6. Auflage, 747 – 846, Ernst u. Sohn, Berlin.

SCHIECHTL, H.M. & G. GÄRTNER
(2001): Wildfrüchte in Europa. Schätze eines Kontinents. 311 pp., Beerenkamp Verlag, Hall in Tirol (A).

SCHIECHTL, H.M. & R. STERN
(2002): Naturnaher Wasserbau. Anleitung für ingenieurbiologische Bauweisen. 229 pp., Ernst u. Sohn, Berlin.

Bioengenharia dos Solos na Estabilização de

Taludes e Erosões

FONTE: http://www.forumdaconstrucao.com.br/conteudo.php?a=9&Cod=510

Por Eng. Mauro Hernandez Lozano*

A bioengenharia é a integração dos conhecimentos de engenharia civil, agronômica e a biologia de modo a ser completa a ação de estabilizar as camadas superficiais dos solos sob ações erosivas das águas e de deslizamentos.

Além de ser uma atitude ecologicamente correta, pois utiliza de conhecimentos atualmente existentes de áreas ou setores da economia diferentes integrando-os para solucionar problemas de instabilizações de solos de forma mais natural e ou de acordo com a natureza.

Isto é, a bioengenharia desenvolve e adota soluções não convencionais da engenharia civil mais natural tirando conhecimentos da vida existente nos solos (biologia) e das plantas (agronomia) de modo a consolida ou estabilizar os solos. Ela conjuga elementos inertes com vivos para proteger e ou estabilizar solos superficialmente.

Poder-se-ia dizer que é uma ciência multidisciplinar, pois deve considerar o meio físico (pedologia, geotécnica, hidráulica e hidrogeologia) e biótico (biologia e ecologia)

As raízes das plantas associado à vida existente nos solos pode promover sua estabilização em camadas superficiais até 1,5 metros.

As soluções de bioengenharia destinadas à estabilização superficial de taludes e processos erosivos requerem equipamentos manuais e de pequenas movimentações de solo e de produtos.

É bom destacar que muitas rupturas ou deslizamentos de taludes ocorrem nestas camadas e por falta de uma analise ou diagnostico adequado levam-nos a soluções convencionais de engenharia civil mais cara e onerosa.

Também, e principalmente, os problemas de erosão podem e devem ser solucionados pela bioengenharia.

Erosão é um processo de instabilização dos solos que se inicia pela desagregação das partículas pela ação das águas de chuva segue-se com transporte destes grãos e finaliza com assoreamentos.

Quando se evita a desagregação ou transporte ou assoreamento evita-se a erosão e este é o objetivo das soluções de bioengenharia de solos.

Quando o problema é de deslizamentos superficiais de taludes a bioengenharia de solos tem a função de funcionar como reforço de uma massa de grãos como se amarrando pelas raízes das plantas a massa tornando-a monolítica.Pode-se dizer que o efeito das raízes “aumentaria” a coesão dos solos funcionaria

A vegetação causa efeitos benéficos no equilíbrio hídrico dos solos, intercepta a ação desagregadora da gota de água de chuva nos solos, reduz e retarda o escoamento superficial

A utilização das espécies vegetais deve ser criteriosa evitando-se espécies hostis, disseminação de pragas e efeitos nocivos a estabilidade dos solos.

Deve-se ressaltar que a vegetação também pode causar efeitos deletérios, como: sobrecargas em taludes, efeito de vento em arvores em taludes, sombreamento e eliminação de vegetação rasteira (desnuda os solos), penetração reticular inadequada e ou aumentando a infiltração nos solos, erosão pontual ao redor de caule de arvores e desequilíbrio biológico.

Enfim a solução de bioengenharia para problemas de erosão e estabilização de taludes requer conhecimentos multidisciplinares e um projeto onde deve-se investigar o histórico das ocorrências físicas do local em tela, assim como fatores climáticos, topográficos, agronômicos e geotécnicos para analise, interpretação, diagnostico e solução do problema.

A solução como qualquer outra de engenharia requer um projeto técnico que deve constar de desenhos em plantas, seções e detalhes; relatório e memorial de calculo e quantitativos. Além das etapas e ou seqüencia de execução e especificações técnicas de execução das obras e materiais.

Nos projetos de bioengenharia é comum a utilização de biomantas, telas vegetais e fibras, telas biotêxtil e fibratêxtil, biorretentores, bermas vegetais, geogralhas, geotêxtil, malhas de aço, paliçadas, solo envelopado, solo reforçado, solo grampeado e etc.

Também, se deve destacar o projeto de drenagem interna e superficial através de canaletas, caixas, drenos, galerias e dissipadores de energia.

Além do plantio de sementes, adubação, cobertura, controle de pragas, poda, roçada e irrigação.

As soluções clássicas (engenharia civil) modernas e ecologicamente corretas de solo reforçado em situações de corte e aterros se encaixam perfeitamente na bioengenharia, ou fazem parte. Pois, tem a finalidade de estabilizar os solos em camadas mais profundas (maior de 1,5 metros). Nestas soluções a superfície dos taludes pode ser vegetada considerando as técnicas de bioengenharia.

Portanto, a integração de técnicas apresentadas aqui trás a sociedade a possibilidade de estabilização de taludes e erosões de forma mais natural possível, isto é, ecologicamente correto.

*Engenheiro Civil (Universidade Mackenzie, 1977), com cursos de Pós-Graduação e Extensão (EPUSP, 1978/1980) na área de Mecânica dos Solos, Obras de Terra e Fundações.

A partir de 1987, como engenheiro civil especializado em geotecnia, atuou em escritório próprio, elaborando projetos, direção técnica de obras e prestação de serviços de consultoria. Fundou Dýnamis Engenharia Geotécnica S/C Ltda. em 1988, sendo o responsável técnico.